El Poder de las Metáforas :: Spanish Essays

El Poder de las MetforasABSTRACT The terms metaphor and metaphorical are overused in art theory and criticism, specially when employ to pictures. In last years different authors have written theories that attempt to define and characterise visual metaphors. I shall analyse Carrolls approach to visual metaphors. I shall try to show, first, that requirements of homospatiality and non composibility of the elements in a figure are neither necessary nor sufficient conditions for metaphorical effect, to perceive a thing under a sunrise(prenominal) light. Second, that considering a visual metaphor as an invitation to mapping different categories onto each other does not take into account its specificity. As pictures, their relevance is just to furnish the categories for the mapping, which is an imaginary task. On the contrary, there are examples of images, which directly provoke a metaphorical insight. Caricatures are the simplest and most ubiquitous case.I. En los ltimos aos han surgido en el terreno de la filosofa del arte diferentes teoras sobre las metforas visuales, en parte motivadas por el uso ambiguo y el abuso del concepto en la crtica y la teora del arte. Entre ellas se encuentran la de R. Wollheim en Painting as an Art y la de N. Carroll en Visual Metaphor. Ambos se centran en el modo especfico en que la imagen, pictrica, en el primer caso, metaforiza. Pero las diferencias comienzan muy pronto. space-reflection symmetry Wollheim, la intencin y el efecto de la metfora consisten en poner bajo una nueva luz el objeto metaforizado,(1) que no est necesariamente representado en la imagen. Para Carroll, la metfora invita a considerar los referentes de los elementos (de la imagen) fsicamente no componibles y/o de categoras y conceptos relacionados con ellos en trminos de proyecciones de unos en otros.(2)Mientras que Carroll parte de determinados ejemplos de imgenes que en principio seran fcilmente admitidos como metforas visuales, tratando de sealar en qu consi ste su carcter metafrico, Wollheim procede, segn es habitual en Painting as an Art, identificando ciertas respuestas del espectador, como efecto de un contenido metafrico de la pintura. Estas respuestas seran mayormente afectivas, estaran dirigidas normalmente al objeto metaforizado, y seran provocadas por la pintura como un todo.(3) Por su parte, Carroll propone analizar ejemplos de metforas pictricas, como son Le viol de R. Magritte, El pastel-mquina de escribir de C. Oldenburg y un fragmento de Las tentaciones de San Antonio de El Bosco en el que aparece un cura con hocico de cerdo.

Dr. Jonas Salk :: Biographies Medicine Papers

Dr. Jonas SalkAn Ameri fuel hero once said, Many wise individuals have had no conventional education.... They possess a powerful intuitive faculty and are able to learn from realise, from what they observe (Pamplin, Jr. and Eisler 127). Although not entirely indicative of his own past, this American hero was Dr. Jonas Salk and he believed that education was not always the key to success. The great innovator believed that the answers to life are often found in an individuals experiences rather than bury among the pages of a textbook. Indeed, the ideas that formed the foundation of Salks greatest accomplishmentthe first effective polio vaccinewere not found in any fancy college textbook, tho came to light because he did not believe that some established scientific theories were the only way that problems could be solved. More specifically, as a young medical exam student in 1936 sitting in a lecture for a course entitled Bacteriology and Immunology, Salk recalls an experience that altered the course of his life (Sherrow 31)I conceive very vividly all the details about where I was sitting and what was happening, almost as if the light was turned on and everything became clear....We were told that one could immunize against diphtheria and tetanus.In the next lecture, we were told it was not possible to immunize with a chemically treated or noninfectious (killed) virus vaccine, so that struck me as rather odd. How could both statements be true? And I remember the answer we were given was that the cells of the inoculated individual that were involved in a virus infection had to go through the experience of the infection itself. Why should that be, when the cells going through that experience were thus destroyed? How could that immunize cells that did not experience infection? Somethings wrong here, I thought.For me, what came together was the headspring Is it true you need a live virus for a safe, effective vaccine? And if its not true, then what can be done w ith viruses, as can be done with a toxin, to render them harmless while retaining their effectiveness for immunization?This encounter stayed with Salk throughout his life and helped to determine the path along which he would conduct his lifes work. As stated in the opening quote, this intuitive ability that he possessed did not come from spending hours learning from his textbooks, but only when came from the ordinary experience of attending a lecture for class.

Population in the world Today :: essays papers

Population in the world Today Probably the most pressing concern of the modern world both environment eachy and socially is the escalating ball-shaped population. The geometrical harvest-feast in numbers over the last century, when estimated, presents an ominous picture of massive, unsustainable growth and accompanying famines and health crises. Yet, to simply follow the current wind is naive, and informed estimates of population trends are increasingly predicting a less disastrous future. The latest study shows an 85% chance that global population will flyer before 2100, and predicts with 60% certainty that this peak will be less than 10 billion, compared with a population of 6 billion today. They even give an orthogonal chance, 15%, that there will be fewer people living at the end of the century than are alive now. Their results are nonable not just for the relatively low figures projected, but also for the rigorous analysis that accompanies them. Whereas the U nited Nation estimates present just four possible outcomes (constant, high, medium and low). The US Census Bureau includes specific chances of a particular scenario occurring on a specific date. This graphically illustrates the confidence (or otherwise) of predictions further into the future. To arrive at their conclusions, the team have two forecasting techniques time series estimation, a statistical analysis based on known figures, and expert judgment, whereby key parameters are estimated taking into account foreseeable events such(prenominal) as disease, war and fertility trends. Apart from the lower total population figure estimated (8.8 billion by 2050, compared to 9.3 for the UNs medium estimate, 2000 revision). Population decline in authentic nations is expected to accelerate, with the European part of the former USSR expected to lose 20% of it population by 2050. Such declines lead inevitably to ageing populations, and half of all people living in Japan at the e nd of the century are predicted to be over 60 years old. With these facts, there is no distrust in our minds that we are in for some trouble. Over the next 50 years, the United States alone faces some population problems. What we need to do is keep the growth rate at stage 4, meaning we need to have birth and death rates low.

Human Rights Abuse on the U.S.-Mexican Border Essay -- illegal immigra

Human Rights Abuse on the U.S.-Mexican trammel Between 1993-97 in that respect was a 72% increase in funds provided to the Immigration and Naturalization Services. The INS has a mobile uniformed division responsible for policing the US-Mexican border c totallyed Border Patrol. With such a dramatic increase in just four years it is obvious that the border area is a pressing concern to the US government. The Border Patrol conducts inspections of travelers, regulates permanent and temporary immigration into the United States and maintains control of the US borders, which amount to 8,000 miles. They also identify and remove persons who have no lawful immigration status in the United States. The border patrol works hand-in-hand with the INS to ensure that immigration policies are followed under United States law. There is an estimated 7,000 Border Patrol agents, all are armed and have the power to stop and inspect whoever they please. The agents are continuously questioned on th eir conduct in how they perform their job. The studyity of the questions come from merciful rights activists. These agents are enforcing US law on individuals attempting to enter the country but are the human rights of these individuals being violated? The topic of human rights is a major issue on the border and there is growing evidence to support the fact that human rights are being abused. In this paper I leave behind identify the causes of human rights abuse in border areas, prove with individual and statistical testimony that human rights are being abused on the US-Mexican border, and posit some efforts and policies for the promotion of human rights by both Mexico and the United States. Since the introduction of NAFTA the changes in immigration laws have put treme... ...o.com/sections/world/DailyNews/mexico_us_000824.html, Border Talk Mexicos President-Elect Proposes more(prenominal) Open Border, 2000, 1-4.. http//www.iadialog.org/immigrat.html, Immigration in U.S. Me xican Relations A Report of the U.S.-Mexican Relations Forum, 1998, 7-10http//www.ins.gov/graphics/lawenfor/indes.htm, INS Issues Guidelines for INS Operations During Census 2000, 2000, 1-2.http//www.usembassy-mexico.gov//eSBordViol.html, Memorandum of Understanding Between the regimen of the United States of America and the Government of the United Mexican States on Cooperation Against Border Violence, 1997, 1-4.http//usdoj.gov/oig/gatekpr/gkp01.htm, Background to the Office of the Inspector General Investigation, date unknown, 7-8.http//www.wsws.org/ articles/1999/jun1999/ins-j25.shtml, US Border Crackdown Sends Immigrant Deaths Soaring, 1999, 1-3.

Internet Laws :: essays research papers

Crime and the Criminal Internet LawsCyber Space Law Right now there is a very interesting war universe waged in the court rooms across America. It is a battle for the rights of citizens on the Internet. The Internet is a fairly new medium gaining wide popularity in 1994. Because of its incredulous growth in popularity in a very short amount of time it has been hard to regulate. The first act to come out regarding the Internet and license of Speech was PL 99-508 the Electronic Communications and Privacy Act of 1986 . This act consisted of two parts, title I and title II. Title I - Interception of Communications and Related Matters. basically takes the existing laws and updates them to include computers. Where before it was illegal to intercept private telephone calls, it now says it is illegal to intercept private computer transmissions. It also includes a preparation to make it legal to intercept public radio transmissions like it is with public radio programs. It also allows Int ernet Service Providers to keep a log of who called and their legal action on-line to protect themselves. Title II - Stored Wire and Electronic Communications and Transactional Records Access. This provision adds sections to Title 18 of the United States Code (USC). In section 2701 - irregular Access to Stored Communications it makes it a federal offense to hack into a computer system. Actually what it says is that it is not illegal to gain access but at once you do gain access, by mistake or intention, it is illegal to continue to access the computer system. This crime is punishable by $5000 or up to sixsome months in jail. Section 2703 of USC Title 18 is the section that instructs Internet Service Providers to keep a back-up record of your activities on-line with a court order from a government entity. Then after the government notifies the individual in question, the literal is either used by the agency or is destroyed. Probably the biggest battle til now over the first ame ndment rights so far has been the Communications Decency Act or CDA. In March 1995 Senator Jim Exon introduces legislation to criminalize online publication of any material deemed "obscene, lascivious, filthy or indecent." This legislation was attached to a larger and popular Telecommunications Reform Bill. The Senate and the House voted to approve the Telecommunications Reform Bill in February 1996.

Internet Laws :: essays research papers

Crime and the Criminal profit LawsCyber Space Law Right now there is a very interesting war being waged in the court rooms across America. It is a battle for the rights of citizens on the Internet. The Internet is a fair new medium gaining wide popularity in 1994. Because of its incredible growth in popularity in a very short amount of time it has been hard to regulate. The outgrowth act to come out regarding the Internet and Freedom of Speech was PL 99-508 the Electronic Communications and Privacy Act of 1986 . This act consisted of two parts, human action I and title II. Title I - Interception of Communications and Related Matters. Basically takes the existing laws and updates them to include computers. Where before it was illegal to intercept private telephone calls, it now says it is illegal to intercept private computer transmissions. It also includes a provision to make it legal to intercept public radio transmissions like it is with public radio programs. It also allows In ternet Service Providers to keep a log of who called and their activity on-line to protect themselves. Title II - Stored Wire and Electronic Communications and Transactional Records Access. This provision adds sections to Title 18 of the United States Code (USC). In section 2701 - Unlawful Access to Stored Communications it makes it a federal offense to hack into a computer system. Actually what it says is that it is non illegal to gain access but once you do gain access, by mistake or intention, it is illegal to continue to access the computer system. This villainy is punishable by $5000 or up to six months in jail. Section 2703 of USC Title 18 is the section that instructs Internet Service Providers to keep a back-up playscript of your activities on-line with a court order from a government entity. Then after the government notifies the individual in question, the material is either used by the agency or is destroyed. Probably the biggest battle yet over the first amendment rig hts so far has been the Communications Decency Act or CDA. In March 1995 Senator Jim coding DNA introduces legislation to criminalize online publication of any material deemed "obscene, lascivious, filthy or indecent." This legislation was attached to a larger and popular Telecommunications Reform Bill. The Senate and the House voted to admire the Telecommunications Reform Bill in February 1996.

Nature View Case Study

The core focus of the case for us is to look at alternative strategies for going to market, which are the issues raised in questions 1, 2, 4, and 5. It is sometimes useful to create models in excel to help evaluate unitys options which I arrive referenced in 3a and thru the relate included below. 1. How has Natureview succeeded in the internal foods carry? Nature View has succeeded in the indispensable foods enrapture through with(predicate) the use of brokers who sell its product (yogurt) to natural foods retailers.Their brokers have the direct relationship with the retailers, meaning the retailers purchase the Natureview yogurt from the brokers and not directly from Natureview itself. Using this broker distribution channel system Natureview has succeeded in capturing 25% of the natural food market. This system has also enabled an increase in sales for its 8 ounce and 32 ounce products. Perhaps more importantly, the health food channel was successful because of its success in reaching the channelise market. Health conscious women were Natureviews target market and their brokers worked with retailers that had access to that demographic.More specifically they targeted women who earned spicy incomes, were education, and lived in the Northeastern or Western USA 2. What are the both primary types of growth strategies under consideration by Natureview? The root strategy was to hang in in the natural/healthy foods channels of distribution and make little change to their current model. The second growth strategy was to enter select supermarkets for broader exposure. The first strategy involved increasing the market share of Natureview in the natural foods market in which they were already present.They would have focused their marketing efforts on the target audience with greater intensity. Natureview would have to modify its product to satisfy the needs of this discussion section by using price differentiation and it would have to launch advertizement campaigns/promotions to support this strategy. The second strategy was to enter select supermarkets and break into the grocery market segment. The motivating factor for entering supermarkets was based in the fact that 97% of all yogurts are sold in super-markets. More importantly to Natureview, 46% of organic food eaters shop at supermarkets.If Natureview wanted a successful battlefront in supermarkets it would need to develop a yogurt product line specifically for supermarkets with appropriate price points, advertising and promotional plans. Additionally, they would need to talk terms scathe and conditions with the supermarkets because of the different relationship without their usual brokers. 3a. How do the third options compare financially in terms of yearly revenue, gross gross profit margin, required investment, and profit potential? watch to help you evaluate this I have posted an excel model to HuskyCT.The three options are distinct with options one and two being more c onfusable than option three. Initial annual revenue for option three is the only one in the positive however, five years into each option, options one and two are roughly six and four times higher than option three respectively. Gross margins for options one and two are relatively equal, but the margin for is half for the distributer yet greater by seven percent for the retailers. The required investment for option three ($400+) pales by comparison with options one and two being nearly four and five million dollars respectively.This intial cost is offset by the potential profits over the lifespan of the options option three yield of only $4. 8M , option two coming in at $10. 6M, and option one with a walloping $11. 0M of respective net present values. 3b. If the estimate capitalists extended their deadline for meeting the $20 million revenue target by 12 to 18 months, would that change your recommended action plan? The supermarket options would have to be chosen to raise the $20M with the extra time given. With distribution through supermarkets they wwold be able to realize their target by 2001.The larger customer base of the supermarkets provides a strategical advantage that the health foolds market doesnt. The inherent risk of this option is that the profitability of Natureview will diminish and jeopardize the premium price it currently enjoys in the natural food segment. 4. What are the strategic advantages and risks of each option? What channel management and conflict issues are involved? Natureview will have to deal with significant channel management issues if it pursues the supermarket options.It will thrust the companionship into direct competition with large national chumps, forcing it to adjust its price to match the prices of those national brands. Natureview would also have to negotiate with supermarket chains and obtain favorable conditions for the retail of their products. Most significant to brand management, selling Natureview yoghurt may change the brand-value perception of the consumer by reposition the brand of Natureview in the less exclusive supermarkets. It may lose its perceived value as a high-value natural yoghurt and instead be seen more as an ordinary yogurt.Customers that bought Natureview from healthy foods retailers may instead buy Natureview from the supermarkets at lower prices, hence reducing the volume of sales through healthy food retailers. If the company stays in healthy foods markets only then the company misses out on huge sales volumes and profits. 5. What action plan should the company pursue? What changes in the current marketing mix, sales, brand, and channel partner arrangements do you recommend in order to implement the action plan? Natureview should choose the option to enter the supermarkets segment because of its investors demands.The venture capitalists decision to cash out, has forced Natureview to court more agreeable investors. In order to get the right class of investor, Naturevie w must increase its revenues to $20 million. Entering the supermarket segment suits the company best because this plan provides the highest possibility of achieving Natureviews sales revenue targets. Natureview also gets access to a larger base of yogurt consumers through this strategy. Even though the marketing and channel development costs will be high at first, this option provides the best available plan for achieving their compact term revenue targets.

Disadvantages of Using Social Networks

The habituate of favorable engagement sites has increased exponentially and is a global phenomenon. Online social network sites turn in several benefits. For example, mint can interact with others, as if they were close friends. In addition, social network sites help wad connect with others who have the same interests people can sh be news, photographs, and videos with other online members. According to a Nielsen Online report, by the end of 2008, 66. 8 percent of Internet users around the world had visited social network sites that year, whereas, only when 65. 1 percent had gone online to access email. Gale) Social networks provide the opportunity for an advanced level of communication and functionality. However, social networks also have serious disadvantages, much(prenominal) as violation of confidentiality and privacy, unforeseen consequences, and potential threat to personal safety. Today, communication on the Internet has become increasingly popular. Millions of people around the world use websites, such as Myspace, Facebook, and LinkedIn. People now have benefits of these websites, including significantly advanced communication and functionality which have never been seen or imagined before.For instance, one advantage is that todays doctors are communicating with their patients by using social media. Before social media became a vital form of communication, doctors and patients only could connect to each other by using telephone, otherwise, patients had to visit the doctors office which takes time and money as well. About 20 percent of patients already use social media to gull healthcare information, according to an April survey by the National Research Corporation, a healthcare research firm based in Lincoln, Neb. Haupt) However, there are also whatever weak points of communicating through using social media between patients and physicians. Sometimes, the information that gets passed along is not always accurate because anyone can situation. Moreover, since some doctors answer medical questions through social media, privacy becomes a concern. If patients provide details about a diagnosis or treatment, the doctor might accidentally reveal patients individuality. To maintain confidentiality, personal questions should still be handled through doctors office visits or phone calls.Most people who use social media are not conscious(predicate) of the potential violation of their privacy and unforeseen consequences. Websites whitethorn give people a false impression of being anonymous. In fact, many people post embarrassing and unethical content in text, photos, and videos. Because the Internet is a text-centered telecommunication, people may lose their ethics and responsibility. In actuality, serious consequences have occurred to people whose online appearance has been made public. Students have been expelled from high schools and colleges.Students have been denied acceptances to intern programs, admission to independent h igh schools, colleges, and jobs. Students, and their parents, have been sued for insult and defamation of character. (Fodeman, Monroe) These instances occurred all because of the content people have posted in their social network accounts. Furthermore, according to Dr. Nora Barnes, Director for the Center of Marketing Research at UMASS Darmouth, more than 20% of colleges and universities search social networks for their admission candidates. Fodeman, Monroe) Finally, peoples privacy may be violated by police, and other government agencies that have access to Facebook pages. In addition, Facebook itself sells their members information to third gear party marketers willing to pay the fees. As a result, people should seriously be conscious of their privacy concerns and perceive that other people are circulate their accounts. Finally, safety has also become an issue for social network members. Safety concerns include ads, fake websites, identity theft and stalkers. Online social netwo rks generate revenues through advertising.Companies collect information from online social network sites. Based on this data, companies advertise and create a profile page, inviting members to join or become fans. Companies may use these pages to lift events, such as concerts, free product giveaways, special sales, and other activities. In fact, there are frequent scams targeting people in their social networks, especially Facebook and My Space. everywhere the last few years, more than 14,000 users were damaged by fake MySpace pages into visiting music web sites to purchase music for $2-3 per album.Instead of getting music, the site charged $300-600 to their confidence cards. (Fodeman, Monroe) Other major safety concerns include cybercriminals, and stalking. People can easily gain access to sensitive information from online social networks, making users in risk of infection to identity theft and other crimes. Computer security firm Sophos reported in February 2010 that there had been an alarming increase in spammers and hackers using online social network sites to find potential victims. Gale) The amount of receiving spam and sending viruses, worms, or other malicious software is increasing. Besides, stalkers can use networks to keep track of their victims activities. in that respectfore, online users should be wide-awake when they communicate with strangers online. In fact, it is very easy for people to pretend to be someone who they are not. It is not mandatory for people to reveal their true identity online. As a result, users must be careful about meeting new online friends in person and should never arrange a meeting unless it is in a public place and others know about it.In conclusion, social networks provide an advanced level of communication and functionality. On one hand, by communication online, doctors and patients may save time and money. On the other hand, there are serious disadvantages to using social networks. These disadvantages include a potential violation of privacy and confidentiality. there may be unforeseen consequences to posting text, photos and videos online. For example, students may be expelled from school. Companies collect data from social networks to advertise online.Individual users may not be able to strike out fake websites. Also, the potential harm of identity theft is serious. Furthermore, stalkers and impostors find it easy to create false identities online. Therefore, personal safety is a major concern for online users. There are several other implications for harmful consequences of social networks. One such example that may be explored is global safety. For instance, Wikileaks posed a danger to policy-making international relations.

Play Macbeth by WIlliam Shakespeare Essay

The play Macbeth was written by WIlliam Shakespeare in the 1600s. The whole play revolves around the theme of power. The theme of power is shown done ambition, betrayal and revenge using the symbolisms of sleep and production line.William Shakespeare used the issue of ambition to portray power in Macbeth. Macbeth was driven by his ambition of gaining power. Macbeths smart for power made him blond to the atrocities and iniquitous deeds he was performing. In flirt 1 Scene 7 Macbeth is stating that ambition was his only motivation to belt down Duncan. I have no spurTo prick the sides of my intent,but only Vaulting ambition which oerleaps itself And falls on thother. Shakespeare used a ply metaphor to show the conflict of emotions in Macbeths mind.Macbeth thinks of his purpose to kill Duncan as a cavalry horsebut he has no origin to urge it into action so it stands still. Macbeths ambition is pictured as a rider springing into his saddle who overleaps himself and falls on the othe r side of his steed.Macbeth manner that his ambition to be king would inevitably lead him too far. The quote is effective in defining Macbeths drive to ambition. Ambition is used by Macbeth to take the power from Duncan.William Shakespeare used the issue of betrayal to portray power in Macbeth. The issue of betrayal is shown throughout the play from the start when the Thane of Cawdor betrayed Duncan. Macbeth betrayed Duncan,his guest,king and relative by killing him to take the crown of Scotland. Macbeth betrayed his friend and colleague Banquo who stayed by his side when they were fighting against the Norwegians. Macbeth also betrayed Lady Macbeth his wife by dismissing her from formal duties. In Act 1 Scene 7 Macbeth is telling lady macbeth to hide their knowings of duncans murder under an innocent face. Away,and mock the time with the fairest show, False face essential hide what the false heart doth know. Shakespeare used an iambic Pentameter to lend dignity and presence to Mac beth after his devious plans to kill Duncan. The quote is effective in demonstrate that Macbeth would betray his king and guest and act innocent with the devious plan in his mind and stoop low just to gain what he wanted. treachery is the weapon that Macbeth used to gain power.The issue of revenge was used by William Shakespeare to show power in Macbeth. Revenge was shown from the start of the play when the witches got revenge on the sailors wife who didnt give the witches any chestnuts. Banquo got his revenge on Macbeth when he came back as a ghost and frightened Macbeth as well as embarrassing him in front of other thanes. Macduff got his revenge by killing Macbeth who slaughtered his family. In act 4 scene 3 malcolm comforts macduff who heard that his family was slaughtered by Macbeth by telling him to make revenge his medicine to cure his affliction. lets make us medcines of our great revengeTo cure this deadly griefMalcolm is telling Macduff to make the revenge on Macbeth, a medicine that would cure his grief. Malcolm is implying that revenge is sweet. The quote is effective in showing that macduffs revenge on Macbeth was to cure his own grief caused by Macbeth. Revenge was the issue which made one person to rise up or fall down. Blood was a symbolism which helped to symbolize the issues that shows power in Macbeth. The word blood occurs frequently throughout the play.In act 1 scene 2, the wounded captain told a report which described the bloody war. Blood was also related to ungodliness after after macbeth had murdered Duncan. Once Macbeth and lady Macbeth embark upon their murderous journey, blood comes to symbolize their guilt, and they begin to feel like their crimes have stained them in a way that cannot be washed clean. Blood symbolizes the guilt that sits like a permanent stain on the consciences of both Macbeth and lady Macbeth, one that hounds them to their graves. The enormity of Macbeths crime has awakened in him a powerful sense of guilt t hat will hound him throughout the play.

Random and Nonrandom Samples

Depending on how a sample distribution is drawn, it whitethorn be a random sample or a nonrandom sample. A random sample is a sample drawn in such(prenominal) a route that each fragment of the macrocosm has some risk of organism selected in the sample. In a nonrandom sample, some members of the people may non guard any chance of being selected in the sample. Suppose we overhear a list of 100 students and we want to select 10 of them. If we write the names of in all 100 students on pieces of paper, perplex them in a hat, mix them, and then draw 10 names, the result will be a random sample of 10 students.However, if we arrange the names of these 100 students alphabetically and pick the first 10 names, it will be a nonrandom sample because the students who are non among the first 10 have no chance of being selected in the sample. A random sample is unremarkably a exercise sample. Note that for a random sample, each member of the population may or may not have the same cha nce of being included in the sample. devil types of nonrandom samples are a convenience sample and a imagination sample. In a convenience sample, the most accessible members of the population are selected to earn the results quickly.For example, an opinion poll may be conducted in a a few(prenominal) hours by collecting information from certain shoppers at a single obtain mall. In a judgment sample, the members are selected from the population ground on the judgment and prior knowledge of an expert. Although such a sample may relegate to be a interpreter sample, the chances of it being so are small. If the population is large, it is not an easy task to select a representative sample establish on judgment. The so-called sham polls are examples of nonrepresentative samples.For instance, a survey conducted by a magazine that includes only its own readers does not usually involve a representative sample. Similarly, a poll conducted by a television station giving two separate tel ephone numbers for yes and no votes is not based on a representative sample. In these two examples, respondents will be only those people who read that magazine or wait that television station, who do not mind paying the postage or telephone charges, or who feel compelled to respond. Another kind of sample is the quota sample.To draw such a sample, we divide the show population into different subpopulations based on certain characteristics. Then we select a subsample from each subpopulation in such a way that each subpopulation is represented in the sample in exactly the same proportion as in the target population. A quota sample based on a few factors will skew the results. A random sample (one that is not based on quotas) has a much better chance of being representative of the population of all voters than a quota sample based on a few factors.Random and Nonrandom SamplesDepending on how a sample is drawn, it may be a random sample or a nonrandom sample. A random sample is a sa mple drawn in such a way that each member of the population has some chance of being selected in the sample. In a nonrandom sample, some members of the population may not have any chance of being selected in the sample. Suppose we have a list of 100 students and we want to select 10 of them. If we write the names of all 100 students on pieces of paper, put them in a hat, mix them, and then draw 10 names, the result will be a random sample of 10 students.However, if we arrange the names of these 100 students alphabetically and pick the first 10 names, it will be a nonrandom sample because the students who are not among the first 10 have no chance of being selected in the sample. A random sample is usually a representative sample. Note that for a random sample, each member of the population may or may not have the same chance of being included in the sample. Two types of nonrandom samples are a convenience sample and a judgment sample. In a convenience sample, the most accessible memb ers of the population are selected to obtain the results quickly.For example, an opinion poll may be conducted in a few hours by collecting information from certain shoppers at a single shopping mall. In a judgment sample, the members are selected from the population based on the judgment and prior knowledge of an expert. Although such a sample may happen to be a representative sample, the chances of it being so are small. If the population is large, it is not an easy task to select a representative sample based on judgment. The so-called pseudo polls are examples of nonrepresentative samples.For instance, a survey conducted by a magazine that includes only its own readers does not usually involve a representative sample. Similarly, a poll conducted by a television station giving two separate telephone numbers for yes and no votes is not based on a representative sample. In these two examples, respondents will be only those people who read that magazine or watch that television stat ion, who do not mind paying the postage or telephone charges, or who feel compelled to respond. Another kind of sample is the quota sample.To draw such a sample, we divide the target population into different subpopulations based on certain characteristics. Then we select a subsample from each subpopulation in such a way that each subpopulation is represented in the sample in exactly the same proportion as in the target population. A quota sample based on a few factors will skew the results. A random sample (one that is not based on quotas) has a much better chance of being representative of the population of all voters than a quota sample based on a few factors.

An Economic report of Manchester Essay

Employment PerformanceWhich sectors does Manchester outperform the UK. Education it outperforms the UK its the second largest city In the UK its normal to expect it to pass away more on education due to its high population. Interestingly professional Scientific and technical activities outperform the UK. A new saving has been put in place a smarterEconomy based on tertiary sectors moving away from its manufacturing past. 2023 its estimating employment in The above sector will rise around 130,000 for the great Manchester region. Accommodation and food service Activities outperforming the UK is expected also as its the second nearly visited city in England and 3rd in the UK. Sectors which do sick manufacturing once the cotton producing capital of the world now this industry is all but Extinct. Information and communication is behind the UK average this is surprising as deep media city has been opened in Manchester ITV, BBC and SIS atomic number 18 based there.Madchester To dayli ghtIts important not to underestimate the effect cities music or sports prognosis has, many hoi polloi would recognise Liverpool ahead of a more economically significant city like Birmingham due to The Beatles. Manchester became the music capital of England in the 80s and go on onwards in the 90s. Manchester United is the most supported club in the world. Forbes lists it as the second most valuable club behind concrete Madrid. The soul of the city based on sports with heavy music influences. One effect is the number of young people who want to live there. Young people want to live and study in a vibrant city Manchester University and MMU are ranked 1 & 2 in number of applicants for degree courses. in that location are 3 universities with 87776 students making it one of the most popular cities to study.Below you can see it has the 4th lowest house prices and 3rd highest wages in the UK. This makes it an incredible desirable location to live. In 2001 it was the 21st most vibrant city in the UK today it now number one making it the most vibrant city in the UK surpassing London. There is a large number of young residents, cheap housing and high wages helping primitive growth.The location quotients show that the sectors with relative high levels of employment are all mostly in high end sectors, or hotels and similar accommodation which develop in revenue to the local economy. The sectors all bring in wealth so this is a good sign for Manchesters growth for the future.North tungsten RivalryIts not just about two clubs, its about two cities, two unbelievable histories, two clubs that both think they are the biggest in the world, so there is a lot of ego at stake. Lee Sharpe.There is a huge rivalry from the two cities of Liverpool and Manchester. Modern day rivalry has been mostly seen on the football field but its not always been the case. Historically the two cities thrived in the industrial revolution. The rivalry was light when Manchester decided to build a ship canal the largest in the world at that time. This meant Manchester no longer had to pay dues to Liverpool in order to use their port. straight off the rivalry has died down as Manchester surpassed its economically and in sporting terms many years ago.Unemployment graph to the right shows how Liverpools unemployment has been higher in current times. There has been a bit of convergence in recession times but Manchester still leads the way economically.ConclusionFrom this report you can see how Manchesters economy evolved with technological advances. A thriving industrial city from the industrial revolution evolved unlike other industrial cities. It has a modern advanced economy it has become the most important city in the North-West economically.The sectors which thrive are high end sectors which generate a lot of revenue as shown in the location quotients on the previous page. It has a rich history musically and sporting, now it is the 2nd most visited city in England. This means the holidaymaker industry thrives bringing in revenue from the other regions or nations. This has helped ease the recessions damage, from 2010 GVA has been increasing annually from 2010.The cities soul appears to be music and sporting orientated, the old mill and print works have been redeveloped it still retains remnants of its old industrial past. This is a city which is improving year after year, whether it is economic growth or prime(prenominal) of life. The city has a high standard of living voted most vibrant city in the UK climbing 20 places in 12 years.

Implications for Social Wellness and Development

I chose this article because it was very interesting to me. When you are growing out of adolescence into adulthood, you neer think of the psychology that is involved in your growing. You dont think about how and what influences the person you are becoming or the person that you want to be when you reach adulthood. During this stage of social development, you learn more about what you like, how you love and the actual wellness that you are working toward.Most people will neer think of this, they think that life is life and that you are just supposed to live it. They have no idea of the development and the consequences that could come from poor judgment. I know that I never thought of this and it took me until I was 23 years old to figure out what I wanted out of my life because forwards that I just coasted through it carelessly, never worrying about the consequences.The major problem with this is that when an adolescent graduates high school, most of them move out of their parents home and into their possess apartment or into a dorm. There, they basically have no rules and dont have to worry about the consequences of their actions. If I had to write a search paper on this subject, I would definitely use this article. There is so much information throughout there are even diagrams and illustrations.I effectuate the diagram The Indivisible Self An Evidence-Based Model of Wellness very informative and interesting. There was also the purpose of vignette and hypothesis where there were five hypotheses, the system and the instruments used to conduct this study. The subscales were very informative as well. The results and the discussion were also very stimulating. I find that psychology is a very complex study that requires much critical thinking but I am loving this subject. You learn so much about yourself and everyone around you.

Ethic Comments Essay

In the first response to question 1 the writer makes the noteing statement about her relationship with God. I disregard try to do things on my own but if it is not in his plan it will not happen Winkelmann (1). This seems to indicate that the writer believes that only acts that follow Gods plan will moderate successful results. How does one know if an act that one is about to commit is in Gods plan? If God does have a plan for each of us, are we capable of committing an act that is not in Gods plan?The secant writer to answer question 1 describes the process he uses to make important decisions in his life. He declares that, I usually try to go in the path of whichever solution has less consequences, and to try to do what is morally right Tango (1). It is unclear whether the writer is saying that only acts with little or no consequences are moral or, if the act that produces the least number of bad consequences is the most moral. What makes the writer believe the consequences of an act determine its moral correctness?In answer 1 to question 2 the writer suggest that Psychologist Carol Gilligan believes that women and men should learn to consider both views of ethics to get a better soul so that women could recognize their own human rights and not be considered inferior to men (2). While the comparison of men and women may be an ethical goal, is the equality of men and women a goal of ethics? In response to question 2, writer 2 makes the following quote about ethics. The task of ethics is to reply to respond to particular individuals with whom we have valuable and close relationships (2).An employer could be showing compassion and concern for his/her employees yet, the employer could be over charging his customers for inferior products or services. Does showing compassion, concern, love, or kindness in close relationships have anything to do with the moral correctness of the people in those relationships? The first answer to question 3 supposes that peop le have an innate sense of what is right and wrong. Someplace, in our minds we know what is right or wrong (3). This statement seems incorrect to this writer.All children commit wrong actions. How will a child learn which actions are right and which actions are wrong, if he is not taught? The writer of the second answer to question 3 states Conscience itself is usually expound as the inner sense of what is right or wrong in ones conduct or motives impelling one toward right action (3). I run with this writer that a conscience need not come from religion. If this consciousness of right and wrong does not come from religion, from where does it come?

Cellular Processes Essay

When molecules move from a high to first concentration it is called pitiful DOWN the concentration gradient. When molecules move from a low to high concentration it is called moving AGAINST the concentration gradient. When the concentration of a solute is the aforesaid(prenominal) throughout a system, the system is at EQUILIBRIUM.What kind of persuade DOES NOT require push? PASSIVEWhat kind of transport requires sinew? ACTIVEWhich CELL PART provides the cipher for active transport? MITOCHONDRIAWhich MOLECULE is green goodsd by mitochondria and provides energy for transport? ATP Movement of molecules FROM a neighbourhood of HIGH concentration TO a neighborhood of LOW concentration = DIFFUSION The question of molecules FROM a region of HIGH concentration TO a region of LOW concentration with the HELP of carrier proteins or channel = FACILITATED DIFFUSION Membrane proteins that move molecules across membranes by attaching, changing shape, and flipping to the other side like a revolving door = CARRIER PROTEINS Membrane proteins that help molecules across membranes by providing a tunnel = PROTEIN CHANNELSThe movement of WATER molecules from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration across a booth membrane = OSMOSIS face 3Stages 1 & 2Which kinds of transport use VESICLES to help molecules across membranes? ENDOCYTOSIS (PHAGOCYTOSIS & PINOCYTOSIS & EXOCYTOSIS Photosynthesis Chemical Reaction for photosynthesisWater + blow dioxide Glucose + Oxygen 6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2Process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert pissing and carbon dioxide into group O and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches Chloroplast- site of photosynthesisCellular Respiration- do that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other viands molecules in the presence of oxygen Aerobic means with oxygen (O2) anaerobiotic means without oxygen (O2) -Glycolysis- Means thesplitting of glucose Occurs in the cytoplasm of all cellula r phoneular telephoneular telephones in every organism It does NOT require oxygen A net of 2 ATP is made during glycolysis. -Fermentation An aerophilic Pathway-There argon 2 lawsuits of fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation-Occurs in yeasts and bacteria, CO2 and ethyl alcohol be kick upstairsd (bread start rising) Lactic Acid Fermentation-Occurs during strenuous exercise (burning & fatigue in muscles) -Cellular Respiration Totals Energy produced per glucose molecule -Glycolysis = solve of 2 ATP Krebs Cycle = 2 ATP Electron Transport Chain (ETC) = 32 ATP Total = 36 ATP per glucose molecule Mitochondria powerhouse- site of cellular breathing= do ENERGY Manages the process by which energy stored in food molecules is transformed into us adequate energy for the cell.former(a) cell organellesVacuole- stores body of water, waster, enzymes and other materials(like a water tower)Golgi dust- sorts and packages proteins (think of UPS)Nucleus- brain/control magnetic core of the cell in structions for reservation proteins Lysosome- digests worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed bacteria & viruses (like a janitor/clean up crew) Ribosome- site of protein synthesis (think of meat-has protein in it) Cell membrane- controls what enter and leaves the cell, semi or selectively permeable (like a bouncer) Mitosis produces 2 heritableally indistinguishable, diploid body (somatic) cellsDiploid full set of chromosomes litotes produces 4 genetically different, haploid sex (gametes) cellsHaploid chromosome is half employ QuestionsCell organelles carry out specific metabolic processes.1. flying field the averment above. Which cell organelle manages the process by which proteins are sorted and packaged to be sent where they are needed?a. ribosomesb. lysosomesc. Golgi bodiesd. vacuoles2. Study the debate above. Which cell organelle is responsible for storingenzymes and other materials needed by the cell?a. ribosomesb. vacuolesc. mitochondriad. lysosomes3. Study t he statement above. Which cell organelle manages the process by which proteins are assembled based on DNA instructions?a. mitochondriab. lysosomesc. ribosomesd. vacuoles4. Study the statement above. Which cell organelle manages the process by which energy stored in food molecules is transformed into usable energy for the cell?a. lysosomesb. golgi bodiesc. mitochondriad. ribosomes5. Study the statement above. Which cell organelle manages the process by which worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria are digested?a. ribosomesb. lysosomesc. vacuolesd. golgi bodies6. Which of these is not an advantage gained by organisms which reproduce sexually?a. Genetic recombination created genetic diversity within a species. b. Some percentage of organisms within a species will be credibly to survive and reproduce despite harsh environmental conditions. c. Genetic diversity reduces the risk of species extinction caused by hard environmental conditions. d. Genetic divers ity weakens a species overall ability to survive harsh environmental conditions.7. A fertilized egg created through sexual reproduction-a. has a combination of genetic material that is unique in the speciesb. is genetically identical to other eggs of the same enkindlesc. is genetically identical to the parentsd. contains genetic material from single one parent8. Organisms reproduce asexually in a variety of ways. A bacterium reproduces by making a copy of its chromosome, growing larger, then dividing into two separate, genetically identical cells. This process is called-a. regenerationb. double star fissionc. vegetative reproductiond. budding9. Which of the following statements about sexual reproduction is false?a. Organisms that reproduce sexually produce sex cells called gametes.b. Fertilization is part of the sexual reproduction process.c. In sexual reproduction, a single parent produces identical military issue.d. A zygote is produced through sexual reproduction.10. Study the chemical reactions below.PhotosynthesisCellular respirationPlants produce more oxygen during photosynthesis than they use in cellular respiration. What happens to the excess oxygen produced during photosynthesis?a. It is used as an energy source by plant cells.b. It is released into the air and is used by other organisms for respiration.c. It is converted into affectionateness energy.d. It is a waste product which is never reused.11. Which of these is inhaled by animals, then used in respiration?a. carbonb. oxygenc. nitrogend. water12. adept of the products of photosynthesis is glucose (C6H12O6). Which of the following statements about the production and use of this molecule is false?a. Plants use the energy from glucose to convert nutrients to body tissues and grow larger.b. Glucose that is not immediately used by the plant is stored for later use.c. Plants use the energy from glucose to get a variety of plant products.d. Glucose that is not immediately used by the plant is lo st as waste material.13. Tigers, goldfish, peacocks, and benevolents all reproduce sexually. Which statement is true about sexual reproduction?a. It is not a factor scientists use to define different species.b. It involves the joining of an egg and sperm into one cell.c. The offspring are genetically the same as their parents.d. Sexual reproduction can all take taper by internal fertilization.14. Jackson is growing a bean plant in a pot. ane day Jackson notices that the plant is wilting. He waters the bean plant and within a fewer minutes the plant begins to perk up. This is because the plant has taken up water by osmosis. At what morphological level does osmosis pop off?a. organsb. tissuesc. cellsd. organ systemsOrganisms as different as bacteria, mushrooms, algae, oak trees, and human beings are all made of cells.15. Read the information above. Which statement is true for all cells?a. all cells have the same shape.b. All cells need energy to survive.c. All cells are surrou nded by a rigid wall.d. All cells belong to organ systems.Michelle is looking through a microscope at a cell from an onion root. She sees a cell that is in the process of dividing to make a new cell. This is what Michelle sees16. Study the diagram and the description above. If Michelle were able to find an onion cell that had completed division, what products of cell division would she see?a. four different cellsb. only one cellc. two identical cellsd. four identical cells17. Study the diagram and the statement above. Michelle is observing cell division in an onion cell, but this type of cell division also occurs in the human body. Which statement is not true about this type of cell division in human race?a. This type of cell division is humans produces sex cells as well as body cells.b. This type of cell division in humans occurs small-arm bones are forming during development.c. This type of cell division in humans can be affected by viruses.d. This type of cell division in human s is necessary to heal cuts and wounds18. Study the diagram and the description above. What is the name for the process Michelle is observing?a. mutationb. meiosisc. mitosisd. metamorphosis19. Study the diagram and the information above. Which of these statements about cell division is true?a. A newly formed young woman cell has less DNA than its parent cell.b. Cells divide at random times.c. New cells formed by cell division can replace dying cells in an organism.d. The phases of cell division can occur in any order.20. A special type of cell division, called meiosis, is used to form sex cells or gametes. Which statement is true above this type of cell division?a. The products of meiosis are two identical cells.b. DNA is not copied at all during meiosis.c. The new cells have half the DNA of the parent cell.d. Meiosis is complete after only one round of cell division.21. A person with swollen gums rinses his communicate with warm salt water, and the swelling decreases. Which has o ccurred?a. The swollen gums have absorbed the saltwater solution.b. The saltwater solution lowers the temperature of the water in the gums.c. The salt in the solution has moved against the concentration gradient.d. The water in the gums has moved from a high to a low concentration of water.22. What advantage do sexually reproducing organisms have over asexually reproducing organisms?a. genetic variationb. genetic stabilityc. increased fertilization rated. increased reproductive rate23. What is the most likely get going of a group of cells that contain a high number of chloroplasts?a. respirationb. transpirationc. fermentationd. photosynthesis24. In humans, glucose is kept in quietus in the bloodstream by insulin. Which concept does this best illustrate?a. adaptationb. homeostasisc. metabolismd. organization25. In which way are photosynthesis and cellular respiration different?a. Cellular respiration stores ATP, while photosynthesis releases ATP.b. Cellular respiration produces oxy gen, while photosynthesis uses oxygen.c. Photosynthesis releases energy, while cellular respiration stores energy.d. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, while cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide. 26. Which statement best distinguishes aerobic from anaerobic respiration?a. only aerobic respiration involves fermentation.b. Only anaerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria.c. Only aerobic respiration requires oxygen.d. Only anaerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide.27. Which most accurately describes the difference in ATP production between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?a. Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration.b. Anaerobic respiration produces more ATP than aerobic respiration.c. Only anaerobic respiration produces measurable amounts of ATP.d. Anaerobic and aerobic respiration produce the same amount of ATP.28. A human flake off cell contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are present in a human sperm cell?a. 23b. 46c. 92d. 13829. What is homeostasis?a. the ability of an organism to maintain a relatively stable internal environmentb. the production of a hormone by an endocrine gland that works on another endocrine glandc. a series of events that monitor how hormones work in the body d. a process in which a variegate in the environment causes a response that returns conditions to their original status30. If the body stopped producing new important cells, what would the expected outcome be? The pancreas would no longer release glucagonHigh blood glucose levels would continueto acquire normalInsulin would no longer be releasedAlpha cells would become beta cells31. You just ran a endurance contest (26.2 miles) and your body is trying to reach homeostasis. Which of the following statements is true?Your blood vessels will constrict to conserve heatYour blood vessels will dilate to release body heatYour bodys control center will shut downYour brain will tell your body not to sweat

Energy Drinks Essay

Introduction Sir Isaac innovativeton was right when he saidwhat goes up moldiness come down . This rings true when talking about cypher drinks. These point of intersections reassure to provide heightened aw atomic number 18ness, much nix, much endurance round even reference to the emaciater you give urinate wings. So when consuming these harvestings what be you re exclusivelyy deglutition? Do they provide the strength encouragement they promise? Are they harmful? Should the FDA do much investigating into the rubber of these so-c alled nil drinks? These atomic number 18 doubtfulnesss I had going into this as a consumer of aught drinks myself, I was interested in how harmful they argon to a fault the consumer.In this paper I hope to provide a better insight to a product that is popular and in necessary simply little is cognise about. What Are You boozing? Energy drinks take up most of the same study ingredients caffeine, taurine, glucronolactone, niacin and p anax ginseng just to list a few. allows start with caffeine it is a central nervous system stimulant that has the effect of temporarily warding off drowsiness and restoring alertness. As of studies beare by (Lovett, Richard) 90% of adults consume caffeine daily in different ways. Most of the nada from these drinks comes from the cabbage and caffeine not the unnecessary extras (Suzanne Farrell MS, RD).Taurine an early(a) principal(prenominal) ingredient is actually an amino group acid that is base in the human corpse it is a ingrained substance that our bodily systems play e very day. However in these nix drinks it is a synthetic element. so at that place is Ginseng is known as an adaptogen, which connotes it adds resistance to physical, chemical, and biological stress and builds postal code and ecumenic vitality. These be just a couple of the things in what seems to be in a lot of the energy drinks. The rest of the scientific look ingredients came up to be not rel evant to the effectuate these drinks promise.Beverage (250 ml) caffein content Cocaine energy drink 280mg Full Throttle 144mg Monster 160mg Impulse 88 mg Red Bull 80 mg Naughty Boy 80mg V 78 mg Coca-Cola 48. 75 mg Do These Drinks admit The Effects They Promise? Most drinks provide some combination of B vitamins (which help convert sugar to energy and help regulate red blood cells, which deliver oxygen), amino acids (e. g. , taurine), antioxidants(milk thisle, vitamin C), and stimulants, ranging from the reliable (caffeine, guarana) to the alleged (horny stern weed). Yes, they do.Smit and colleagues found that energy drinks, as compared to placebo, had energizing make among 18 to 55 year old participants, with effects being strongest 30 to 60 minutes after consumption and bear on at least 90 minutes. Caffeine was found to be the primary constituent responsible for these effects. Although on that point is no human demand for caffeine, even low doses of caffeine (12. 5 to 100 mg) improve cognitive performance and mood (Smit HJ). Because this is hitherto such an downstairsstudied topic it is hard to say that these drinks provide the effect they promise.The point is caffeine rivals everyone different collectable to age, size, tolerance, consumption and insufficiency of sleep all these things contri exactlye to how these drinks ordain affect you. Are They Harmful? This question was the one I was most interested in there is so much controversy roughly this question. Many energy drinks work a very spirited per centum of carbohyd says that end concur it more difficult for forage and nutrients to be absorbed into the bloodstream from the intestines. In some cases, gastrointestinal problems and distress are a possibility.When an energy drink has a high sugar content, it shag keep a cathartic effect, as well as causing a sudden encounter when the sugar leaves the bloodstream and the energy high disappears. Researchers found that within four hours of drinking various energy drinks, the 15 participants blood cart rates increased approximately 10 percent for the systolic rate, 8 percent for the diastolic rate and heart rates increased 11 percent (Wayne state university study). When abandoned to test rats in an observational laboratory, it was found that the taurine caused anxiety, irritability, high sensitivity to noise, and self-mutilations.However, this data does not mean that the same effects will occur in humans the differences between rats and great deal are patently substantial. That to me seems sort of scary. The Australian Consumers affiliation advises that while energy drinks whitethorn be scientifically safe, young mass eespecial(a)ly need to be cognizant of their contents. Research shows that electric razorren and young quite a little who consume energy drinks may suffer sleep problems, bed-wetting and anxiety. Children who consume two or more cans of energy drinks a day may become irritable and anxious.Women who are pregnant are advised to avoid energy drinks (especially during the first deuce-ace months of pregnancy), as high amounts of caffeine can increase the risk of miscarriage, difficult birth and delivery of low-weight babies. (Australian Consumers Association) Drinking these drinks while consuming alcoholic drink can also be very harmful there have been reports of young multitude dying, perhaps as a result of mixing of alcohol and energy drinks. as well Since the absorption of nutrients is slower there is a large chance that the fluid absorption rate of the body is also slower.Difficulty in natural re-hydration of the body during workouts can cause danger to the persons health. Athletes, who lose great quantities of fluids during games and practices, should be aware of this circumstance for they are one of the target markets of energy drinks. Should The FDA Do More Investigating As To The Safety Of Energy Drinks? Regulation of foods and drugs in the United Sta tes falls under the guidance of the victuals and drug Administration under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA). Functional foods, wish well energy drinks, may be regulate as foods, dietary supplements, drugs, medical foods or food for special dietary use.Though energy drinks have many of the same qualities as soft drinks, which are regulate as foods, they are regulated differently because the functional beverage industry is part of the trend of nutraceutical foods that occupies the colorize area between food and dietary supplements. Dietary supplements are generally characterized as foods, despite their drug- corresponding properties and their lack of testing on the market. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration have not conducted any serious investigations into the safety of energy drinks.As dietary supplements, energy drinks are subject to much less stringent regulations than other foodstuffs. However certain nations limitation the locations that can sell energy d rinks. Other countries require warning labels on individual cans of energy drinks. still other countries have issued national statements regarding their safety. close to countries, such as Canada, have not yet authorize certain energy drinks for sale. So shouldnt the FDA take a nearer look as to how these drinks are labeled and marketed and shouldnt there be more investigating as to its effects on their consumer. endpoint As a consumer of at least two if not more monster energy drinks a day I found the information was frank to know. I do think that the FDA needs to make it where they do inform the consumer of the risks on the label especially because these drinks are very popular in teens. afterwards all that I found I find it interesting that the earthly concern is so misinformed about all the ingredients in these drinks because really the caffeine is what is giving them the boost not all the scientific sounding ingredients.I think that it is most important for consumers to know that when taking in such high levels of caffeine you will go up but you must come down.Bibliography Lovett, Richard (24 September 2005). burnt umber The demon drink? (Fee required). New Scientist (2518). http//www. newscientist. com/article. ns? id=mg18725181. 700. Retrieved 2009-08-03. Suzanne Farrell, MS, RD, a spokeswoman for the American Dietetic Association. Webmd. com Smit HJ, Rogers PJ Effects of low doses of caffeine on cognitive performance, mood and zest in low and high caffeine consumers.Psychopharmacology 2000, 152167-173. William J. McGuire, the Communication-Persuasion Model and Health-Risk Labeling, in harvest-festival Labeling and Health Risks Bichler A, Swenson A, Harris MA A combination of caffeine and taurine has no effect on forgetful term memory but induces changes in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure. amino Acids 2006 http//www. naturalhealthontheweb. com Australian Drug grounds Druginfo Clearinghouse. http//www. redbull. com/faq/index. h tml. http//www. safefoodonline. com/news/n_190302. asp.Monster energy http//www. monsterenergy. com/product/energy. php www. fda. gov wellnessandnutrition. com edrinks. earn Smit HJ, Rogers PJ Effects of low doses of caffeine on cognitive performance, mood and thirst in low and higher caffeine consumers. Psychopharmacology 2000, 152167-173. http//www. naturalhealthontheweb. com Australian Drug inceptions Druginfo Clearinghouse. http//www. redbull. com/faq/index. html. http//www. safefoodonline. com/news/n_190302. asp Monster energy http//www. monsterenergy. com/product/energy. phpIntroduction Sir Isaac Newton was right when he saidwhat goes up must come down . This rings true when talking about energy drinks. These products promise to provide heightened awareness, more energy, more endurance some even reference to the consumer you will have wings. So when consuming these products what are you really drinking? Do they provide the energy boost they promise? Are they harmful? Should the FDA do more investigating into the safety of these so-called energy drinks? These are questions I had going into this as a consumer of energy drinks myself, I was interested in how harmful they are too the consumer.In this paper I hope to provide a better insight to a product that is popular and in demand but little is known about. What Are You Drinking? Energy drinks contain most of the same major ingredients caffeine, taurine, glucronolactone, niacin and panax ginseng just to list a few. Lets start with caffeine it is a central nervous system stimulant that has the effect of temporarily warding off drowsiness and restoring alertness. As of studies done by (Lovett, Richard) 90% of adults consume caffeine daily in different ways. Most of the energy from these drinks comes from the sugar and caffeine not the unnecessary extras (Suzanne Farrell MS, RD).Taurine another main ingredient is actually an amino acid that is found in the human body it is a natural substance that our bodil y systems encounter every day. However in these energy drinks it is a synthetic element. Then there is Ginseng is known as an adaptogen, which means it increases resistance to physical, chemical, and biological stress and builds energy and general vitality. These are just a couple of the things in what seems to be in a lot of the energy drinks. The rest of the scientific sounding ingredients came up to be not relevant to the effects these drinks promise.Beverage (250 ml) Caffeine content Cocaine energy drink 280mg Full Throttle 144mg Monster 160mg Impulse 88 mg Red Bull 80 mg Naughty Boy 80mg V 78 mg Coca-Cola 48. 75 mg Do These Drinks Provide The Effects They Promise? Most drinks provide some combination of B vitamins (which help convert sugar to energy and help regulate red blood cells, which deliver oxygen), amino acids (e. g. , taurine), antioxidants(milk thisle, vitamin C), and stimulants, ranging from the reliable (caffeine, guarana) to the alleged (horny goat weed). Yes, they do.Smit and colleagues found that energy drinks, as compared to placebo, had energizing effects among 18 to 55 year old participants, with effects being strongest 30 to 60 minutes after consumption and sustained at least 90 minutes. Caffeine was found to be the primary constituent responsible for these effects. Although there is no human requirement for caffeine, even low doses of caffeine (12. 5 to 100 mg) improve cognitive performance and mood (Smit HJ). Because this is still such an understudied topic it is hard to say that these drinks provide the effect they promise.The fact is caffeine affects everyone different due to age, size, tolerance, consumption and lack of sleep all these things contribute to how these drinks will affect you. Are They Harmful? This question was the one I was most interested in there is so much controversy around this question. Many energy drinks have a very high percentage of carbohydrates that can make it more difficult for food and nutrient s to be absorbed into the bloodstream from the intestines. In some cases, gastrointestinal problems and distress are a possibility.When an energy drink has a high sugar content, it can have a laxative effect, as well as causing a sudden crash when the sugar leaves the bloodstream and the energy high disappears. Researchers found that within four hours of drinking various energy drinks, the 15 participants blood pressure rates increased approximately 10 percent for the systolic rate, 8 percent for the diastolic rate and heart rates increased 11 percent (Wayne state university study). When given to test rats in an experimental laboratory, it was found that the taurine caused anxiety, irritability, high sensitivity to noise, and self-mutilations.However, this data does not mean that the same effects will occur in humans the differences between rats and people are obviously substantial. That to me seems sort of scary. The Australian Consumers Association advises that while energy drinks may be scientifically safe, young people especially need to be aware of their contents. Research shows that children and young people who consume energy drinks may suffer sleep problems, bed-wetting and anxiety. Children who consume two or more cans of energy drinks a day may become irritable and anxious.Women who are pregnant are advised to avoid energy drinks (especially during the first three months of pregnancy), as high amounts of caffeine can increase the risk of miscarriage, difficult birth and delivery of low-weight babies. (Australian Consumers Association) Drinking these drinks while consuming alcohol can also be very harmful there have been reports of young people dying, possibly as a result of mixing of alcohol and energy drinks. Also Since the absorption of nutrients is slower there is a large chance that the fluid absorption rate of the body is also slower.Difficulty in natural re-hydration of the body during workouts can cause danger to the persons health. Athletes, who lose great quantities of fluids during games and practices, should be aware of this circumstance for they are one of the target markets of energy drinks. Should The FDA Do More Investigating As To The Safety Of Energy Drinks? Regulation of foods and drugs in the United States falls under the guidance of the Food and Drug Administration under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA). Functional foods, like energy drinks, may be regulated as foods, dietary supplements, drugs, medical foods or food for special dietary use.Though energy drinks have many of the same qualities as soft drinks, which are regulated as foods, they are regulated differently because the functional beverage industry is part of the trend of nutraceutical foods that occupies the gray area between food and dietary supplements. Dietary supplements are generally characterized as foods, despite their drug-like properties and their lack of testing on the market. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration have no t conducted any serious investigations into the safety of energy drinks.As dietary supplements, energy drinks are subject to much less stringent regulations than other foodstuffs. However certain nations limit the locations that can sell energy drinks. Other countries require warning labels on individual cans of energy drinks. Still other countries have issued national statements regarding their safety. Some countries, such as Canada, have not yet approved certain energy drinks for sale. So shouldnt the FDA take a closer look as to how these drinks are labeled and marketed and shouldnt there be more investigating as to its effects on their consumer.Conclusion As a consumer of at least two if not more monster energy drinks a day I found the information was good to know. I do think that the FDA needs to make it where they do inform the consumer of the risks on the label especially because these drinks are very popular in teens. After all that I found I find it interesting that the pub lic is so misinformed about all the ingredients in these drinks because really the caffeine is what is giving them the boost not all the scientific sounding ingredients.I think that it is most important for consumers to know that when taking in such high levels of caffeine you will go up but you must come down. Bibliography Lovett, Richard (24 September 2005). Coffee The demon drink? (Fee required). New Scientist (2518). http//www. newscientist. com/article. ns? id=mg18725181. 700. Retrieved 2009-08-03. Suzanne Farrell, MS, RD, a spokeswoman for the American Dietetic Association. Webmd. com Smit HJ, Rogers PJ Effects of low doses of caffeine on cognitive performance, mood and thirst in low and higher caffeine consumers.Psychopharmacology 2000, 152167-173. William J. McGuire, the Communication-Persuasion Model and Health-Risk Labeling, in Product Labeling and Health Risks Bichler A, Swenson A, Harris MA A combination of caffeine and taurine has no effect on short term memory but ind uces changes in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure. Amino Acids 2006 http//www. naturalhealthontheweb. com Australian Drug Foundations Druginfo Clearinghouse. http//www. redbull. com/faq/index. html. http//www. safefoodonline. com/news/n_190302. aspMonster energy http//www. monsterenergy. com/product/energy. php www. fda. gov wellnessandnutrition. com edrinks. net Smit HJ, Rogers PJ Effects of low doses of caffeine on cognitive performance, mood and thirst in low and higher caffeine consumers. Psychopharmacology 2000, 152167-173. http//www. naturalhealthontheweb. com Australian Drug Foundations Druginfo Clearinghouse. http//www. redbull. com/faq/index. html. http//www. safefoodonline. com/news/n_190302. asp Monster energy http//www. monsterenergy. com/product/energy. php www. fda. gov..Energy drinks EssayEnergy drinks are beverages that can be used to supplement energy and concentration. It contains some(prenominal) ingredients, some good others bad. They contain ingredien ts such as caffeine, guarana, taurine and many more. Usually they are beneficial, but when taken in large amounts some ingredients can cause unwelcome side effects. Many people consume energy drinks for enjoyment and the extra kick of energy for the day, but they are not aware of the hidden ingredients that can cause illness.In my opinion I believe that energy drinks are redoubted because they can cause illness, children and teenagers will be affected by the drink and the horrible side effects. The incase of energy drink might convince you that it is are fine to drink but most of us are unaware of the hidden dangers. Those dangers can put anyone at risk of illness. Energy drinks contain high amounts of sugar similar to soft drink but energy drinks also contain high amounts of caffeine and taurine.Taurine is an amino acid that your body naturally produces. It helps regulate heartbeat, muscle contractions, and energy levels. But when there is too much taurine in our bodies, it can m ake some body parts overactive, like platelets. Platelets are found in the blood stream and they are very important to the body. They help to back up blood when there is a cut. The sugar makes the platelets overactive which makes them stick together and cause blood clots. This increase risk of heart related disease.In the US a small was conducted, they found that there is a link between the consumption of energy drinks and heart disease or high blood pressure. The researchers found healthy adults who drank two cans of a popular energy drink a day had above shape blood pressure and heart rate. Not that does it affect us both physical and mentally, it can affect children and teens who consume energy drinks. Children and teenagers dont know what they are consuming and the affect it has on the body.You may see children or teens consuming energy drinks at sporting events instead of sport drinks, to boost energy levels. We may think that energy drinks and sports drinks are the same, bu t theyre not. Sport drinks provide only carbohydrate and salts to replace those lost in sweat, whilst energy drinks give temporary boost of energy. This may not sound bad but it will affect them over the long term. Like a child suffering with diabetes should not continue drinking energy drinks because the sugars in them can cause an imbalance of insulin. til now the Daily telecommunicate thinks that energy drinks are unsafe because it can link to severe illness. The Daily Telegraph has reported Energy drinks could be dangerous for children and teenagers, The newspaper said that the use of high-caffeine drinks has been linked to seizures, mania, stroke and sudden death. Energy drinks can effect children and teenagers and also give people terrible side effects. Some people are not aware that energy drinks can give awful side effects after consumption.There are many side effects that can occur after drinking like vomiting, nausea, and hallucinations. Many ingredients inside energy dri nks cause some people allergy reactions. There are many effects that can make people gain weight like people who dont exercise. The mayo clinic says that sugar intake has a direct correlation with weight gain, especially for people who dont exercise. But it can get worse, if energy drinks are drank with alcohol, it can make you unclutter out or get seriously hurt.Energy can drinks can make people flush from the dreadful side effects. However energy drinks create enjoyment among people, it has good taste and contains some good vitamins and herbs like vitamin B, ginseng, ginkgo Biloba and Antioxidants which are good for the body. To finish like to say that we should reconsider drinking energy because they can cause illness, young people will be affected and they can give people terrible side effects.

Beauty: Wish and Carla

This funny witty story Beauty by Jane Martin is about two girls who argue about the facets each one has. Carla is the definition of beauty, and Bethany who is the opposite carries something Carla wishes she had brains, personality, and a college degree. The frivol relies mostly on wit and wordplay with only two characters and a genie lamp. Both Carla and Bethany invidia one another wishing they had each others matters or persona.When Bethany has the power to change what she has and line what she has always wanted the writer expenditures Carla to show that Bethany will be disappointed with the set of dialogue they use back and forth. Carla is clearly not happy with herself and her insecurities meanwhile so is Bethany, discovering that everyone has different problems no matter what they look like. Everyone is envious of someone for something not realizing they abide problems they wont understand.Because Beauty is a play, Martin introduces the characters through dialogue. The scr atch character, Carla, is first seen talking on the phone with a random suitor that she met at a except and she cannot seem to remember. This is evidence that Carla has some type of beauty that attracts male attention, even without any actual interaction. later(prenominal) in the play, Carla references the fact that she has a modeling meeting with Ralph Lauren, reiterating the fact that she is physically beautiful.The second character, Bethany, is Carlas friend, and patently a good friend because she does not mind interrupting Carla on the phone regardless of how many clock Carla asks her to be quiet. Bethany has a demanding job as a public accountant, and decides to take a break to go to the beach. While there, she finds a lamp with a magic genie inside. The magic genie grants Bethany three wishes, three chances to have something she would not normally get in her life. Martin uses the genie to unmask Bethanys hidden desires and discontent in her life.

Sigmund Freud Paper

M both believe Freud to be the father of modern psychiatry and mental science and the only psychiatrist of any worth. He is really the near severe known figure, perhaps because come alive played such a prominent role in his system. There argon other psychologists, however, whose theories choose respectful consideration. Erik Erickson, born Eric Homburger, whose theories while not as titillating as Freuds, are erect as sound. This paper willing compare the two great men and their systems. In addition, this paper will beg that Freud offers the more useful foundation for understanding the jenny ass Mastersons confused psyche.Sigmund Freud showed signs of in addiction and brilliance substantially before entering the University of Vienna in 1873. He had a prodigious memory and loved nurture to the daub of running him ego into debt at various bookstores. Among his favorite authors were Goethe, Shakespeare, Kant, Hegel and Nietzsche. To avoid disruption of his studies, he ofte n take in his room. by and by medical teach, Freud began a private practice, specializing in nervous disorders. He was soon go about with patients whose disorders made no neurological champion.For example, a patient readiness reserve lost feeling in his foot with no evidence to any sensory nerve dam get along. Freud wondered if the problem could be psychological quite a a than physiological. Dr. Freud evolved as he treated patients and analyzed himself. He recorded his assessment and expounded his theories in 24 volumes publish betwixt 1888 and 1939. Although his first book, The Interpretation of Dreams, sold only 600 copies in its first eight years of publication, his ideas in bes began to attract faithful followers and students on with a great number of critics.While exploring the possible psychological roots of nervous disorders, Freud spent several months in Paris, studying with Jean Charcot, a French brain doctor from whom he learned hypnosis. On re consider to V ienna, Freud began to hypnotize patients and encouraging them while under hypnosis to speak openly about themselves and the onset of their symptoms. Often the patients responded let goly, and upon reviewing their past, became quite upset and agitated.By this process, just about saw their symptoms lessened or banished entirely. It was in this way that Freud discovered what he termed the unconscious. Piecing together his patients accounts of their lives, he decided that the loss of feeling in 1s hand business leader be caused by, say, the fearfulness of touching onenesss fork blindness or deafness might be caused by the fear of hearing or eyesight something that might arouse grief or distress. Over time, Freud saw hundreds of patients. He soon recognized that hypnosis was not as helpful as he had first hoped. He thus pioneered a new proficiency termed free knowledge. Patients were told to relax and say whatever came to mind, no matter how mortifying or irrelevant.Freud belie ved that free association produced a chain of thought that was linked to the unconscious, and often painful, memories of peasanthood. Freud called this process psychoanalysis. Underlying Freuds psychoanalytic information of psycheality was his belief that the mind was akin to an iceberg most of it was hidden from view. The conscious awareness is the ruin of the iceberg that is above the surface just below the surface is a much larger unconscious region that contains feelings, wishes and memories of which someones are largely unaware.Some thoughts are stored temporarily in a preconscious area, from where they can be retrieved at will. However, Freud was more interested in the mass of thought and feeling that are repressed forcibly blocked from conscious thought because it would be too painful to acknowledge. Freud believed that these repressed materials unconsciously exert a powerful influence on behavior and choices. Freud believed that dreams and slips of tongue and pen wer e windows to his patients unconscious.Intrusive thoughts or seemingly trivial errors while reading, writing and speaking suggested to Freud that what is verbalize and done reflects the scating of the unconscious. Jokes especially were an expiration for expressing repressed sexual and aggressive turn tailencies. For Freud, nothing was accidental. Freud believed that human personality, expressed emotions, strivings, and beliefs arise from a conflict between the aggressive, pleasure- anticipateing, biological impulses and the kind restraints against their expression.This conflict between expression and repression, in ways that bring the happen uponment of happiness without punishment or guilt, drives the development of personality. Freud divided the elements of that conflict into three interacting systems the id, self and super ego. Freud did not propose a new, na? ve anatomy, but saw these terms as useful aids to understanding the minds dynamics. The id is a reservoir of uncon scious psychic energy that continually toils to satisfy basic drives to survive, reproduce and aggress. The id operates on the pleasure principle if unconstrained, it try outs instantaneous gratification.It is exemplified by a new born shaver who cries out for triumph the moment it feels hungry, tired, uncomfortable oblivious to conditions, wishes, or expectations of his environment. As the child learns to cope with the real world, his ego develops. The ego operates on the reality principle, which seeks to superintend the ids impulses in realistic ways to accomplish pleasure in practical ways, avoiding pain in the process. The ego contains partly conscious perceptions, thoughts, judgements, and memories. It is the personality executive.The ego arbitrates between whimsical demands of the id, the restraining demands of the superego and the real- breeding demands of the external world. Around age 4 or 5, a childs ego recognizes the demands of the impertinently emerging superego. The superego is the voice of conscience that forces the ego to consider not only the real but standardizedwise the ideal. Its digest is on how one should behave. The superego develops as the child internalizes the morals and values of parents and culture, thereby providing both a sentiency of right, wrong and a set of ideals.It strives for perfection and judges our actions, producing positive feelings of pride or invalidating feelings of guilt. Someone with an exceptionally strong superego may be continually upright and socially correct tho ironically harbor guilt-, another(prenominal) with a weak superego may be wantonly self-indulgent and remorseless. Because the superegos demands often oppose the ids, the ego struggles to reconcile the two. The chaste student who is sexually attracted to someone and joins a tender organization to work alongside the desired person, satisfies both id and superego.Analysis of his patients histories convinced Freud that personality forms du ring a persons first few years. Again and again his patients symptoms seemed rooted in unresolved conflicts from early childhood. He concluded that children pass by means of a series of psychosexual stages during which the ids pleasure-seeking energies focus on obvious pleasure-sensitive areas of the body he called erogenous zones. During the oral stage, usually the first 18 months, an infants animal pleasure focuses on sucking, biting, and chewing.During the anal stage, from about 18 months to 3 years, the sphincter muscles become sensitive and controllable, and gut and bladder retention and elimination become a source of gratification. During the phallic stage, from roughly ages 3 to 6 years, the pleasure zones shift to the genitals. Freud believed that during this stage boys seek genital stimulation and develop unconscious sexual desires for their mothers along with green-eyed monster and hatred for their father, whom they consider a rival. Boys feel unrecognized guilt for their rivalry and a fear that their father will punish them, such as by castration.This collection of feelings he named the Oedipus Complex subsequently the Greek legend of Oedipus, who unknowingly killed his father and married his mother. Originally Freud hypothesized that females experienced a parallel Electra convoluted. However, in time Freud replaced his mind, saying, (1931, p. 229) It is only in the male child that we find the fateful combination of love for the one parent and simultaneous hatred for the other as a rival. Children eventually cope with these threatening feelings by repressing them then identifying with and trying to become like the rival parent.Through this identification process childrens superegos gain strength as they incorporate many of their parents values. Freud believed that identification with the same-sex parent grants our gender identity the wizard of being male or female. With their sexual feelings repressed and redirected, children enter a latent period stage. Freud maintained that during this latent period period, extending from around age 6 to puberty, sexuality is dormant and children play mostly with peers of the same sex. At puberty, latency have gots way to the utmost stage the genital stage as youths begin to experience sexual feelings towards others.In Freuds view, maladaptive behavior in the adult impressions from conflicts unresolved during earlier psychosexual stages. At any point in the oral, anal, or phallic stages, strong conflict can lock, or fixate, the persons pleasure-seeking energies in that stage. Thus people who were either orally overindulged or deprived, perhaps by abrupt, early weaning, might fixate at the oral stage. Orally fixated adults are said to exhibit either passive dependence (like that of a nursing infant) or an misinform denial of this dependence, perhaps by acting tough and macho.They might continue to smoke or eat excessively to satisfy their needs for oral gratification. Those who never quite resolve their anal conflict, a desire to eliminate at will that combats the demands of toilet training, may be both messy and disorganized (anal expulsive) or passing controlled and compulsively neat (anal-retentive). To live in social groups, impulses cannot be freely acted on They must be controlled in logical, socially acceptable ways. When the ego fears losing control of the inner struggle between the demands of the id and the superego, the result is anxiety.Anxiety, said Freud, is the price paid for civilization. Unlike item fears, the dark cloud of anxiety is un concentrate. Anxiety is therefore, difficult to cope with, as when we feel unsettled but have no basis for feeling that way. Freud proposed that the ego protects itself against anxiety with ego defense mechanisms. Defense mechanisms compress or redirect anxiety in various ways, but always by distorting reality.Although Freud was known to change his mind, he was deeply committed to his ideas and principles, even in the face of harsh criticism. Although controversial, his ideas attracted followers who formed a dedicated inner circle. From time to time, sparks would fly and a member would leave or be outcast. in time the ideas of the outcasts, however, reflected Freuds influence. Erik Erikson was one of these outcasts. He agreed with Freud that development proceeds through a series of tiny stages. But he believed the stages were psychosocial, not psychosexual.Erikson also argued that demeanors developmental stages encompass the whole life span According to Erikson, a crisis is equivalent to a turning point in life, where there is the hazard to progress or regress. At these turning points, a person can either resolve conflicts or fail to adequately resolve the developmental task. Delving further into these differences, Erikson contended that each stage of life has its own psychosocial task. tender children wrestle with issues of assurance, then autonomy, then initiativ e. School-age children develop competency, the guts that they are able and productionive human beings.In adolescence, the task is to synthesize past, present, and future possibilities into a clearer sense of self. Adolescents wonder Who am I as an individual(a)? What do I want to do with my life? What values should I live by? What do I believe in? Erikson calls this quest to more deeply define a sense of self the adolescents search for identity. To refine their sense of identity, adolescents usually try out different selves in different situations perhaps acting out one self at domicil, another with friends and still another at school and work.If two of these situations overlap like when a teenager brings a friend home from school the discomfort can be considerable. The teen may ask, Which self is the real me? Which self should I be? Often, this role confusion gets resolved by the gradual reshaping of a self-definition that unifies the various selves into a unchanging and comfortable sense of who one is an identity. But not always, Erikson believes that some adolescents forge their identity early, simply by taking on their parents values and expectations.Others may adopt a negative identity that defines itself in enemy to parents and society but in conformity with a particular peer group, complete perhaps with the shaven head or multi-colored coif. Still others never quite seem to find themselves or to develop strong commitments. For most, the struggle for identity continues past the teen years and reappears at turning points during adult life. During the first social stage, assert versus scruple, an infants basic task is to develop a sense of trust in self, others, and the world.The infant needs to count on others and develop a sense of acceptance and security. This sense of trust is learned by being caressed and cared for. From Eriksons viewpoint, if the significant others in an infants life provide the necessary love, the infant develops a s ense of trust. When love is absent, the result is a general sense of mistrust in others. Clearly, infants who feel accepted are in a more favorable position to successfully meet future developmental crises than are those who do not receive adequate nurturing.However, Erikson postulates that since development is a ongoing lifelong process, personality is not fixed at any given time. Events, circumstances, and social relationships are dynamic and changing. Thus, even a child who emerged from the first stage of life with a strong sense of trust may become mistrustful and cy nical if betrayed in later social relationships. Hence, personality is not viewed as fixed by the fifth year of life, as Freud believed, but remains fluid throughout the life span. Between the ages of one and three (Freuds anal stage), children are developing a growing sense of control over their lives.They can now walk, run, climb, and get into all sorts of mischief. A sense of autonomy develops as they learn new s kills and achieve a feeling of control over their environment. Thus Eriksons titles this stage Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt. During this period, some parents, out of disturb or impatience with their childrens progress may intervene and do things that the children should be doing by themselves. Other parents may demand a level of competence of which their children are not yet physically and/or emotionally capable.In either case, these children begin to head their own abilities and feel ashamed when they fail to live up to parental expectations. Children who fail to master the tasks of establishing some control over themselves and coping with the world around them develop a sense of shame and feelings of motion about their capabilities During the next stage, Initiative versus Guilt, which takes place during the preschool years (ages 4 to 6 Freuds phallic stage), children seek to find out how much they can do. According to Erikson, the basic task of preschool years is to establi sh a sense of competence and initiative.Preschool children begin to come out many of their own activities as they become physically and psychologically ready to engage in pursuits of their own choosing. If they are allowed realistic freedom to choose their own activities and contract some of their own decisions, they tend to develop a positive orientation characterized by confidence to initiate actions and follow through on them. On the other hand, if they are unduly restricted, or if their choices are ridiculed, they tend to experience a sense of guilt and ultimately withdraw from taking an active and initiating stance.By the age of six, the child should enter elementary school. It is during this age that the stage of Industry versus Inferiority occurs. During the ensuing five years, the most alpha events in the childs life revolve around setting and accomplishing goals related to school situations. When children are successful in mastering the many behaviors expected of them du ring these years, they develop feelings of competency and a sense of industry. They may express such feelings as I can do anything if I just work hard enough.Children who encounter failure during the early grades may experience severe handicaps later on. A child with learning problems may begin to feel like a worthless person. Such feelings may drastically affect his or her relationships with peers, which are also vital at this time. During the adolescent years, teens experience Identity versus theatrical role Confusion. Typically, adolescents feel they are on center stage and everyone is looking at them. They are often highly critical of themselves and feel that others are equally critical. Their thoughts often turn inward.They look at themselves and question whether or not they measure up to their peers. They also begin appreciateing about lifelong goals and careers, wondering whether they will make it in the world of the adult. Their ruthless self-appraisal is often beneficial. It results in the development of values, social attitudes, and standards. This inward focus appears to be necessary for the development of a firm sense of self and of broader roles in the social order. During the stage of Intimacy versus Isolation, adolescence is now behind the individual and the early adult years loom ahead.Energies are focused on building careers, establishing lasting social ties, and achieving then maintaining indicate relationships. Marriage or cohabitation creates new demands on the individual sharing, compromising, and relinquishing social mobility to some degree. Also, many young adults begin having children and raising families. Those who were unsuccessful in resolving their identity crises may find themselves isolated from mainstream society and unable to maintain healthy intimate relationships.The years between the ages of 35 and 60 are a time for learning how to live creatively with others this period can be the most productive stage of an individuals life. According to Erikson, the remark for continued growth in middle age is the crisis of Generatively versus Stagnation or Self-Absorption. By generatively, Erikson meant not just fostering children, but being productive in a broad sense for example through creative pursuits in careers, in leisure-time activities, in volunteer work or caring for others.Two important qualities of the productive adult are the ability to love well and the ability to work well. Adults who fail to achieve a sense of productivity begin to stagnate, which s a form of psychological death. The years of matureness are typified by the stage of Integrity of the Self versus Despair. This is the most illuminating stage of a persons life. If all the crises of earlier stages are resolved, looking back with satisfaction of a life well led is a healthy manifestation of self. Maintaining a sense of worth and personal integrity during the final years is natural.Those who could not resolve earlier crises will look u pon the prospects of old age and death with a deep sense of dread and despair. Another primary concept to Eriksons system is ego identity development and the ego strengths that delineate each of the eight stages. His system stresses the egos complete and stabilise influences in a persons life history. He depicts the ego from a psychosocial viewpoint as the hub of individual identity. As the ego develops through life crises, it gains the capacity to master in increasingly civilise ways the puzzles posed by inner and outer reality.Erikson proposed that ego strength is achieved in a date of psychosexual stages. Beginning in infancy, the childs ego must first learn to trust itself and others to become autonomous and self- sufficient. With trust and autonomy come the virtues of hope and will, forms of ego strength that foster sufficient security for the child to risk the potential disappointment that hope entails, and sufficient independence of spirit for children to hold up to initi ate willingly their personal adaptation to their inescapable realities.Once these fundamental ego strengths are acquired, the child is able to acquire a sense of purpose, competence, fidelity, love, care and wisdom the ego strengths associated with each stage. Eriksons system embodies a well-balanced concern for nonmothetic or universal psychological laws with some traditional psychoanalytic concern for the uniqueness of the individual, especially in the areas of clinical application and psychohistory. So where does all this theorizing leave jenny ass Masterson? A Freudian psychoanalyst may have Jenny free associate to certain terms.Perhaps her free association would turn out something like this Psychoanalyst Jenny, I want you to relax and lay back. penny-pinching your eyes. Now, I want you to give me the first word that pops into your head when I say a certain word. For instance, if I said Dog, you might say, Cat. Jenny No, if you said, dog, I would say dependent. Psycho Inte resting, why do you think you would say dependent? Jenny Well, they are arent they? I have to feed them, I have to bathe them, I have to wash them, I have to walk them just like a small child.Except they wont disobey you, and I expect theyd be a particular more respectful of all that I would do for them. Psycho Okay, the next word is religion. Jenny Futile. Non-lasting. Psycho Love Jenny Useless. Really, love means nothing, just like marriage is meaningless. Psycho I see. Next word, sex. Jenny Ugh. So vulgar, dirty, disgusting. So beastly. Psycho Okay. How about children? Jenny Ungrateful. Possessions. Really, children just do not realize all that we do for them. We sacrifice, we slave so that their existence may be better and what do they do for us? Nothing. Just heartbreak, never ending hearbreak.Psycho Okay, just one last word, woman. Jenny Prostitute. Chip. Unclean. Most women are just so ugly, inside and out. I simply cannot stand their smiles so inviting, those little trol lops. Jenny had some major hang-ups in the area of sexuality. Perhaps all her problems stem from this one subject. Sex. Her opposition towards other women, her hinted-at incestuous relationship with Ross, her extreme jealousy of Ross girlfriends, her possessiveness, her lack of close friends all of these can be traced back to her most important subject. Jenny might have been characterized as an anal character.It can be speculated that during her toilet training stage, she refused to give, was prudish and was retentive. It can be speculated that perhaps through unwise parental insistence, she may have come to value yet fear this psychical function and all the features associated with it. According to Freud, this eccentric of person becomes orderly to the point of obsession, egocentric, picayunish, preoccupied with money and material things and obstinate. Jenny is all of these things. His theory also holds that sadomasochism is also a trait of the anal character. Jenny exhibits thi s.She inflicts and receives wretched all of her life. She is constantly asking for suffering from Glenn and Isabel when she continually insults them, yet they never give in and make her suffer. She creates situations where only suffering can result for her and others, like when Ross and her moved into the same flat. That was doomed to fail. She constan tly obsessed over where he was, whom he was with, why he wasnt paying rent she drove herself crazy, and in the process alienated her son. Like any masochist, she seems in a strangely perverted way to relish her martyrdom and enjoy her distress.Freudian theory holds that the instincts seek pleasure and therefore that Jennys persistence in her treacherous behavior must give her some gratification. While her behavior goes against the very grain of survival, and therefore must be neurotic, it serves to gratify her masochistic needs. Continuing with this theme, Jenny believed sex to be dirty, and beastly. It is not known much about her m arriage, but one can hardly picture Jenny as a wanton woman, or even as a woman with normal sexual drives. Her marriage may have even been a product of rebellion, again an anal trait, against her family.The principle explanation for Jenny in a Freudian analysis would turn to Jennys confused sexual identity. It might be said that she never worked through her oedipal complex successfully. She did identify with her mother, according to her sister however. By identifying with her mom, she may have taken on masculine role. After all, by 18 she was the main breadwinner in the house. Perhaps she wished to possess her mother, since she had taken on the male role. When she married, this psychosexual confusion was not resolved. In fact, it may have been worsened by her husbands death.It is said that Jenny did not grieve for her husband. Perhaps she merely transferred her womanly affection onto Ross, expecting a relationship from him that was like that of a lover and not a son. Her jealousy ov er his girlfriends and her kisses under the moonlight certainly point towards unnatural feelings towards him. Perhaps, with Ross birth, she was able to find a replacement for her lack of penis. Ross may have been a sound projection of her true masculine nature. She was able to live her life in the masculine image by being one with Ross.When he died, she kept his robe and pipe, thus cherishing the remnants of her/his masculine identity. Her love of Ross gives an impression of an incestuous relationship. She has fits of jealousy over his lovers, calls him, sex mad and talks of him like a lover (kissed under the stars). She is very psychoneurotic when she believes that to Ross, she is responsible for his existence but that he owes her nothing. Her actions speak contrary to this. She is the perfect martyr, constantly making exaggerated sacrifices for Ross. In reality, she expected him to repay her with undying devotion. She wanted to possess him.