Cellular Processes Essay

When molecules move from a high to first concentration it is called pitiful DOWN the concentration gradient. When molecules move from a low to high concentration it is called moving AGAINST the concentration gradient. When the concentration of a solute is the aforesaid(prenominal) throughout a system, the system is at EQUILIBRIUM.What kind of persuade DOES NOT require push? PASSIVEWhat kind of transport requires sinew? ACTIVEWhich CELL PART provides the cipher for active transport? MITOCHONDRIAWhich MOLECULE is green goodsd by mitochondria and provides energy for transport? ATP Movement of molecules FROM a neighbourhood of HIGH concentration TO a neighborhood of LOW concentration = DIFFUSION The question of molecules FROM a region of HIGH concentration TO a region of LOW concentration with the HELP of carrier proteins or channel = FACILITATED DIFFUSION Membrane proteins that move molecules across membranes by attaching, changing shape, and flipping to the other side like a revolving door = CARRIER PROTEINS Membrane proteins that help molecules across membranes by providing a tunnel = PROTEIN CHANNELSThe movement of WATER molecules from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration across a booth membrane = OSMOSIS face 3Stages 1 & 2Which kinds of transport use VESICLES to help molecules across membranes? ENDOCYTOSIS (PHAGOCYTOSIS & PINOCYTOSIS & EXOCYTOSIS Photosynthesis Chemical Reaction for photosynthesisWater + blow dioxide Glucose + Oxygen 6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2Process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert pissing and carbon dioxide into group O and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches Chloroplast- site of photosynthesisCellular Respiration- do that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other viands molecules in the presence of oxygen Aerobic means with oxygen (O2) anaerobiotic means without oxygen (O2) -Glycolysis- Means thesplitting of glucose Occurs in the cytoplasm of all cellula r phoneular telephoneular telephones in every organism It does NOT require oxygen A net of 2 ATP is made during glycolysis. -Fermentation An aerophilic Pathway-There argon 2 lawsuits of fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation-Occurs in yeasts and bacteria, CO2 and ethyl alcohol be kick upstairsd (bread start rising) Lactic Acid Fermentation-Occurs during strenuous exercise (burning & fatigue in muscles) -Cellular Respiration Totals Energy produced per glucose molecule -Glycolysis = solve of 2 ATP Krebs Cycle = 2 ATP Electron Transport Chain (ETC) = 32 ATP Total = 36 ATP per glucose molecule Mitochondria powerhouse- site of cellular breathing= do ENERGY Manages the process by which energy stored in food molecules is transformed into us adequate energy for the cell.former(a) cell organellesVacuole- stores body of water, waster, enzymes and other materials(like a water tower)Golgi dust- sorts and packages proteins (think of UPS)Nucleus- brain/control magnetic core of the cell in structions for reservation proteins Lysosome- digests worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed bacteria & viruses (like a janitor/clean up crew) Ribosome- site of protein synthesis (think of meat-has protein in it) Cell membrane- controls what enter and leaves the cell, semi or selectively permeable (like a bouncer) Mitosis produces 2 heritableally indistinguishable, diploid body (somatic) cellsDiploid full set of chromosomes litotes produces 4 genetically different, haploid sex (gametes) cellsHaploid chromosome is half employ QuestionsCell organelles carry out specific metabolic processes.1. flying field the averment above. Which cell organelle manages the process by which proteins are sorted and packaged to be sent where they are needed?a. ribosomesb. lysosomesc. Golgi bodiesd. vacuoles2. Study the debate above. Which cell organelle is responsible for storingenzymes and other materials needed by the cell?a. ribosomesb. vacuolesc. mitochondriad. lysosomes3. Study t he statement above. Which cell organelle manages the process by which proteins are assembled based on DNA instructions?a. mitochondriab. lysosomesc. ribosomesd. vacuoles4. Study the statement above. Which cell organelle manages the process by which energy stored in food molecules is transformed into usable energy for the cell?a. lysosomesb. golgi bodiesc. mitochondriad. ribosomes5. Study the statement above. Which cell organelle manages the process by which worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria are digested?a. ribosomesb. lysosomesc. vacuolesd. golgi bodies6. Which of these is not an advantage gained by organisms which reproduce sexually?a. Genetic recombination created genetic diversity within a species. b. Some percentage of organisms within a species will be credibly to survive and reproduce despite harsh environmental conditions. c. Genetic diversity reduces the risk of species extinction caused by hard environmental conditions. d. Genetic divers ity weakens a species overall ability to survive harsh environmental conditions.7. A fertilized egg created through sexual reproduction-a. has a combination of genetic material that is unique in the speciesb. is genetically identical to other eggs of the same enkindlesc. is genetically identical to the parentsd. contains genetic material from single one parent8. Organisms reproduce asexually in a variety of ways. A bacterium reproduces by making a copy of its chromosome, growing larger, then dividing into two separate, genetically identical cells. This process is called-a. regenerationb. double star fissionc. vegetative reproductiond. budding9. Which of the following statements about sexual reproduction is false?a. Organisms that reproduce sexually produce sex cells called gametes.b. Fertilization is part of the sexual reproduction process.c. In sexual reproduction, a single parent produces identical military issue.d. A zygote is produced through sexual reproduction.10. Study the chemical reactions below.PhotosynthesisCellular respirationPlants produce more oxygen during photosynthesis than they use in cellular respiration. What happens to the excess oxygen produced during photosynthesis?a. It is used as an energy source by plant cells.b. It is released into the air and is used by other organisms for respiration.c. It is converted into affectionateness energy.d. It is a waste product which is never reused.11. Which of these is inhaled by animals, then used in respiration?a. carbonb. oxygenc. nitrogend. water12. adept of the products of photosynthesis is glucose (C6H12O6). Which of the following statements about the production and use of this molecule is false?a. Plants use the energy from glucose to convert nutrients to body tissues and grow larger.b. Glucose that is not immediately used by the plant is stored for later use.c. Plants use the energy from glucose to get a variety of plant products.d. Glucose that is not immediately used by the plant is lo st as waste material.13. Tigers, goldfish, peacocks, and benevolents all reproduce sexually. Which statement is true about sexual reproduction?a. It is not a factor scientists use to define different species.b. It involves the joining of an egg and sperm into one cell.c. The offspring are genetically the same as their parents.d. Sexual reproduction can all take taper by internal fertilization.14. Jackson is growing a bean plant in a pot. ane day Jackson notices that the plant is wilting. He waters the bean plant and within a fewer minutes the plant begins to perk up. This is because the plant has taken up water by osmosis. At what morphological level does osmosis pop off?a. organsb. tissuesc. cellsd. organ systemsOrganisms as different as bacteria, mushrooms, algae, oak trees, and human beings are all made of cells.15. Read the information above. Which statement is true for all cells?a. all cells have the same shape.b. All cells need energy to survive.c. All cells are surrou nded by a rigid wall.d. All cells belong to organ systems.Michelle is looking through a microscope at a cell from an onion root. She sees a cell that is in the process of dividing to make a new cell. This is what Michelle sees16. Study the diagram and the description above. If Michelle were able to find an onion cell that had completed division, what products of cell division would she see?a. four different cellsb. only one cellc. two identical cellsd. four identical cells17. Study the diagram and the statement above. Michelle is observing cell division in an onion cell, but this type of cell division also occurs in the human body. Which statement is not true about this type of cell division in human race?a. This type of cell division is humans produces sex cells as well as body cells.b. This type of cell division in humans occurs small-arm bones are forming during development.c. This type of cell division in humans can be affected by viruses.d. This type of cell division in human s is necessary to heal cuts and wounds18. Study the diagram and the description above. What is the name for the process Michelle is observing?a. mutationb. meiosisc. mitosisd. metamorphosis19. Study the diagram and the information above. Which of these statements about cell division is true?a. A newly formed young woman cell has less DNA than its parent cell.b. Cells divide at random times.c. New cells formed by cell division can replace dying cells in an organism.d. The phases of cell division can occur in any order.20. A special type of cell division, called meiosis, is used to form sex cells or gametes. Which statement is true above this type of cell division?a. The products of meiosis are two identical cells.b. DNA is not copied at all during meiosis.c. The new cells have half the DNA of the parent cell.d. Meiosis is complete after only one round of cell division.21. A person with swollen gums rinses his communicate with warm salt water, and the swelling decreases. Which has o ccurred?a. The swollen gums have absorbed the saltwater solution.b. The saltwater solution lowers the temperature of the water in the gums.c. The salt in the solution has moved against the concentration gradient.d. The water in the gums has moved from a high to a low concentration of water.22. What advantage do sexually reproducing organisms have over asexually reproducing organisms?a. genetic variationb. genetic stabilityc. increased fertilization rated. increased reproductive rate23. What is the most likely get going of a group of cells that contain a high number of chloroplasts?a. respirationb. transpirationc. fermentationd. photosynthesis24. In humans, glucose is kept in quietus in the bloodstream by insulin. Which concept does this best illustrate?a. adaptationb. homeostasisc. metabolismd. organization25. In which way are photosynthesis and cellular respiration different?a. Cellular respiration stores ATP, while photosynthesis releases ATP.b. Cellular respiration produces oxy gen, while photosynthesis uses oxygen.c. Photosynthesis releases energy, while cellular respiration stores energy.d. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, while cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide. 26. Which statement best distinguishes aerobic from anaerobic respiration?a. only aerobic respiration involves fermentation.b. Only anaerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria.c. Only aerobic respiration requires oxygen.d. Only anaerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide.27. Which most accurately describes the difference in ATP production between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?a. Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration.b. Anaerobic respiration produces more ATP than aerobic respiration.c. Only anaerobic respiration produces measurable amounts of ATP.d. Anaerobic and aerobic respiration produce the same amount of ATP.28. A human flake off cell contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are present in a human sperm cell?a. 23b. 46c. 92d. 13829. What is homeostasis?a. the ability of an organism to maintain a relatively stable internal environmentb. the production of a hormone by an endocrine gland that works on another endocrine glandc. a series of events that monitor how hormones work in the body d. a process in which a variegate in the environment causes a response that returns conditions to their original status30. If the body stopped producing new important cells, what would the expected outcome be? The pancreas would no longer release glucagonHigh blood glucose levels would continueto acquire normalInsulin would no longer be releasedAlpha cells would become beta cells31. You just ran a endurance contest (26.2 miles) and your body is trying to reach homeostasis. Which of the following statements is true?Your blood vessels will constrict to conserve heatYour blood vessels will dilate to release body heatYour bodys control center will shut downYour brain will tell your body not to sweat